author(s)
Koffi M Ahadji-Dabla, Wolali S Nyamador, Adjovi D Amoudji, Yawo G Apétogbo, Komlanvi F Oboussoumi, Agnidoufèyi Aawi, Fantchè Awokou, Guillaume K Ketoh, Isabelle A Glitho

abstract
Malaria vector control is a very important concern in Togo and is mostly based on the use of insecticide-treated bednets. In this study we assessed countrywide susceptibility tests in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae from Togo to four classes WHO recommended insecticides. WHO bioassays were performed on female of Anopheles gambiae s.l. emerged from larvae collected from 6 sentinel sites in Togo. The insecticides used were organochlorine (DDT 4%), pyrethroids (0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% λ-cyhalothrin), organophosphate (5% malathion) and carbamate (0.4% carbosulfan). Bioassays showed phenotypic resistance particularly to DDT (mortality rate < 1% in Kovié) and pyrethroids (mortality rates are 54% and 1.78% in Dapaong for deltamethrin and permethrin respectively). Anopheles population was also resistant to carbosulfan in Kara (58.33%), Tchamba (31.58%), Kovié (26.36%) and Akodesséwa (40%) and susceptible to malathion in all sites (> 97%). This study showed resistance in An. gambiae s.l. particularly to DDT and pyrethroids. These data can be used for a good decision making in malaria vectors control in Togo as recommended the World Health Organization.