author(s)
Santhosh S and S Basavarajappa

abstract
Migratory behavior of Tirumala septentrionis and Euploea species was conducted by employing Visual Count Method amidst agriculture ecosystems at the foot hills of Western Ghats of south-western Karnataka, India during 2013 and 2014. Observations were made on periodicity and pattern of migration, swarm size during different hours of the day. T. septentrionis and Euploea species showed bi-directional viz., north-east and south-west migration respectively during March-April and September to November months. The flight pattern has indicated significant variation between different hours of the days. T. septentrionis swarm was more than that of Euploea species and there existed a significant difference between them. Monsoon become a key factor, influenced the migration of these species. Moreover, local climate and vegetation also played a major role by providing congenial stopover sites during bi-directional migration. Hence, agriculture ecosystems should be taken care to protect the migrating butterfly species.