author(s)
Tharindu Bandara

abstract
Fish meal and fish oil are principal sources of protein and lipid in aqua diets around the world. Production of the fish meal and fish oil is significantly affected by sustainable issues of marine capture fisheries, variable climatic events and increasing prices of fish meal and fish oil. However, widescale use of alternative feed ingredients in aquaculture industry enables sustainable aquaculture productions with limited dependency on fish meal. In this review opportunities and challenges of plant ingredients, insect ingredients, terrestrial animal by-products, microbial ingredients and genetically modified ingredients have discussed. In future, plant ingredients in aqua diets will continue to increase. Proper processing of terrestrial ingredients will ensure higher nutrient bioavailability. Genetically modified plant ingredients, insect meal, and microbial ingredients have higher potential in future aqua diets. Extensive research on the large-scale production of these ingredients and further studies on ingredient’s effect on fish health will ensure limited dependency on fishmeal in future aquaculture practices.