author(s)
Preeti Kaundil and Raj Kumar Thakur

abstract
Honeybees are quite valued resource-insect that assist in pollination, growing fruit yield and also reduce fruit drop in many fruit crops. But in recent years, there has been a worldwide decline within the honey bee population. Honey bees are uncovered to different forms of herbal and artificial chemical materials along with pesticides in the course of foraging. Over 98% of sprayed pesticides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Compared to other insects, honey bees are extremely sensitive to pesticides, due to a deficiency in the number of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes. Most pesticides are applied as sprays, droplets and dust, which can fall directly on the bees that fly across the treated fields. Pesticides affect the cognitive, behavioural and physiological functions of honey bees. Laboratory bioassays have end up increasingly essential due to their predictive value, producing comparative toxicity facts on many chemicals in incredibly short times at distinctly low expense. The laboratory investigations offer a better information of insect-insecticide or insect-plant-insecticide interactions. It is a simple, versatile, easy and touchy approach for determining toxicity of wide variety of chemical compounds, which greatly allows the determination of the LD50, LC50 or some other deadly concentration/dose. The principle of bioassay research is to evaluate the toxicity of pesticides with diverse mode of action to the equal species beneath the equal test conditions. Due to growing makes use of highly poisonous insecticides to control negative insect pests, it is crucial to invest igate not only the technical and formulated materials however additionally minute quantities in their residues on/in plant and animal tissues.