author(s)
Alfiya Petkar, Suresh Masram and Prachi Rathod

abstract
Neurosecretory cells in Lepidoptera, a broad order of insects comprising moths and butterflies, grant the physiological regulation. These special neurons synthesize, store, and secrete neurohormones that regulate development, molting, maturation, and transformation. Neurosecretory cells are most numerous in the pars intercerebralis, where they are mainly located in the brain and subesophageal ganglion. They are associated with the corpora cardiaca, which are reservoirs and distribution sites for various neurohormones, including juvenile hormone (JH) and prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). JH controls development in the larval stage and reproductive cycles, whereas PTTH stimulates metamorphosis by initiating the production of ecdysone. The review discusses the taxonomy, morphology, and functional dynamics of neurosecretory cells in Lepidoptera, particularly emphasizing their crucial roles in the regulation of intricate physiological processes. It will also discuss recent research that can enlighten researchers about the natural phenomena how these neurosecretory cells interact with their surroundings and explains how these insects have evolved into adapting to such a phenomenon. Understanding the neurosecretory system in Lepidoptera advances our knowledge of their developmental biology and contributes to a general discussion on the functions of neuroendocrine in other mammalian kingdoms.