author(s)
Brajen Singh Kshetrimayum

abstract
This study provides a comprehensive overview of aspergillosis, also known as brooder pneumonia, a fatal fungal disease significantly impacting poultry health and the industry. The primary objectives are to elucidate the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for aspergillosis in poultry. The disease is caused mainly by Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, ubiquitous environmental fungi that produce spores capable of infecting young and immunocompromised birds through inhalation or penetration of eggshells. The study emphasizes that environmental factors such as poor ventilation, high humidity, organic matter accumulation, and mismanagement practices are critical predisposing factors facilitating fungal growth and spore dissemination, especially in hatcheries and poultry houses. The material and methods involve reviewing existing literature, analyzing clinical and postmortem findings, and evaluating diagnostic techniques such as histopathology, culture, and molecular assays. Results indicate that aspergillosis manifests predominantly as acute or chronic respiratory disease, with clinical signs including nasal discharge, dyspnea, gasping, ocular lesions, and neurological symptoms like torticollis and paralysis. Gross pathology reveals granulomatous lesions in lungs, air sacs, and other organs, often with characteristic plaques. Diagnosis relies on clinical history, lesion examination, fungal isolation, and microscopic identification. Treatment options are limited and often ineffective; antifungal agents like itraconazole and amphotericin B are used, complemented by environmental management and supportive care. Prevention remains the most effective approach, focusing on stringent sanitation, adequate ventilation, biosecurity, and control of environmental contamination to reduce spore load. The findings underscore that controlling environmental factors and early intervention are vital to mitigate outbreaks. In conclusion, integrated management encompassing hygiene, environmental control, and judicious use of antifungal agents is essential to combat aspergillosis, safeguarding poultry health, and reducing economic losses.