author(s)
Udaya Sree M and Nandini B

abstract
Pollination-the transfer of pollen from anthers to stigmas-is essential for plant fertilization, seed production, and fruit development. Although some plants rely on abiotic agents like wind and water, approximately 75–90?% of flowering species, particularly fruits and vegetables, depend on animal pollinators such as insects (bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, moths), birds, bats, and even reptiles and mammals in certain ecosystems. Animal-mediated pollination significantly enhances crop outcomes, including fruit set, size, shape, seed quality, and synchronous maturation which attributes that bolster resistance to pests and reduce time to harvest. The global economic value of insect pollination was estimated at around €153?billion (~USD?160?billion) in 2005, representing nearly 10?% of global food production value. Within managed systems, honeybees provide approximately 80?% of insect pollination services, while wild pollinators such as bumblebees and solitary bees offer vital resilience, especially under adverse weather conditions. Alarmingly, pollinators are declining due to habitat loss, pesticide exposure, climate change, pathogens, and invasive species-with over 40?% of invertebrate pollinator species now considered at risk. Such declines have prompted labor-intensive hand-pollination in regions like China. This review explores the ecological importance and economic value of pollinators in fruit production, assesses the multifaceted threats they face, and evaluates mitigation strategies including habitat restoration, reduced pesticide use, pollinator management, and innovative technologies. Emphasizing the integration of diverse pollinator species and forward-looking approaches is imperative to ensure sustainable fruit crop productivity and ecosystem resilience.